Analysis Of The Poem Elena By Elena Essay - 882 Words

Name: Institution: Course: Date: Comparison Essay In the poem, Elena, the author conveys the main theme using the two main protagonists. The poem shows the feelings of a mother who has lost touch with her children, since they are no longer a big cohesive family as was the case in Mexico. All her children sang and engaged in sporting activities at their leisure time. The phrase â€Å"understanding every word they’d say.† is emotional and to some extent painful since she remembers the time she spent with her children and the good moments they shared together while in Mexico before they moved to America â€Å"But that was in Mà ©xico†, she is disappointed that the move to America does meet her expectations and instead they are drifting further apart. Her children became accustomed to the American culture and often communicated in English which their mother couldn’t understand as she says, â€Å"They speak English. At night they sit around the kitchen table, laugh with one another.†T he mother feels alienated and isolated by her children, making her less involved in their lives. This was not the case when they were in Mexico before moving to America. In the line â€Å"I stand by the stove and feel dumb, alone† depicts disappointment and loneliness she misses the time she spent cooking for kids. She attempts to learn English as indicated in the line â€Å"Sometimes I take my English book and lock myself in the bathroom â€Å"so as to fit in her kids present lives. The ones, who have sex withoutShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis Essay: In the fairy tales, the protagonists always gain their Snow Whites in the end and they all live happily ever after. In fact, all protagonists’ fate is decided by the narrator’s hand. Just like the literary works we have recently read, including the poems â€Å"Sunday Greens† by Rita Dove, â€Å"Sinful City† by Jaroslav Seifert and the excerpt from Like Water for Chocolate from Laura Esquivel, the characters’ fate was sealed from that moment. Therefore, the most relevant themeRead More Exploring the Role of Women in Mexico in Like Water For Chocolate2639 Words   |  11 Pageswomen did during that time. Also, during the time of the Mexican Revolution, the soldiers treated many women and young females poorly. Esquivel tells how many women were mistreated, â€Å"A group of bandits attacked the ranch. They raped Chencha. Mama Elena, trying to defend her honor, suffered a strong blow to her spine and was left a paraplegic, paralyzed from the wais t down† (Esquivel 129). These events are described vividly from her first-person perspective to better understand the situations thatRead MoreEssay about Chicano Nationalism1631 Words   |  7 Pagesin many ways. With analysis’ of Lorna Dee Cervantes’ â€Å"Poem For The Young White Man Who Asked Me How I, An Intelligent, Well-Read Person Could Believe In The War Between The Races† and Corky Gonzales’ â€Å"I Am Joaquin† the reader will be exposed to two examples from each poem of the key elements of Chicano nationalism. These key elements will provide the reader with a greater understanding of how writers in this period exemplified Chicano nationalism. Cervantes begins her poem with the lines, â€Å"InRead MoreEssay on Like water for chocolate6961 Words   |  28 Pagesinteraction and choice as developed in the text. Literature constantly informs us about and leads us to question what it means to be a human being. The Psychological critic closely follows these revelations and takes them as a central subject for analysis. Recurring Question: What is the text telling us about what it means to be a human being? Would you act like the main character in the same circumstances? FYI: This literary lens has also been known as â€Å"Humanist criticism† in an earlier era. BeRead More Eric Saties Socrate Essay3388 Words   |  14 Pagescentury (and early 20th century) is the extensive use of musical icons. Musical expressionism often uses themes/motives as symbols for characters or ideas (e.g. the Alma theme in Mahler’s 6th symphony, or the explicit characterization in Strauss’ tone-poems). Impressionism iconizes objects with musical texture(10). This meant that music finally became overloaded with meaning, and the process of conveying a message in music was the exercising of the composer’s authority in putting ideas into musical symbolsRead MoreLesson Plan in English2923 Words   |  12 Pagesmethod of comparison using the words like or as. 6. Theme - what is poem all about. 7. Metaphor – a method of comparison using the words like or as. 8. Alliteration - several words in the sentence may begin with the same IV: EVALUATION: THE POEMS I GREW UP * Let the learners recall their favorite poems when they were still kids. Request them to recite the poem to the class. V. ASSIGNMENT: Read and answer comprehension question on pagesRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe2223 Words   |  9 PagesFortunato and proceeds to commit the â€Å"perfect† crime— an undisclosed murder. Montresor’s strange and obsessive need for vengeance drives him to a point of insanity as he plans the most intricate details of his crime. In addition to this psychological analysis, biographical elements stemming from Poe’s life contribute to the story’s plot and themes. The idea behind the story stems from Poe’s experience at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, as he heard rumors of a military officer who faced a similarRead MoreThe Book of English2652 Words   |  11 PagesElena Moya Mrs. Fayter English 10 Honors January 16, 2011 Montag Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Physical Charcoal hair soft-colored brows and blush ash smeared checks, an unshaven look Looks like all the other fire fighters Emotional At the beginning Montag was content and satisfied with his job and life After meeting Clarisse he became confused Admitted he is unhappy He feels a deep sense of guilt and pain because of the condition of society Intellectual It was Montag curiosityRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBuhler, Goldey-Beacom College Allen Bures, Radford University Edith Busija, University of Richmond Holly Buttner, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Michael Cafferky, Southern Adventist University Scott Campbell, Francis Marion University Elena Capella, University of San Francisco ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi Don Capener, Monmouth University Dan Caprar, University of Iowa David Carmichael, Oklahoma City University Carol Carnevale, SUNY Empire State College Donald W. Caudill, Bluefield College

Karl Marx Alienation - 1069 Words

Karl Marx viewed the modern division of labour based on inequality. He argues the Bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat of their cheap labour. The Bourgeoisie own the means of production and raw materials and employ the working-class to produce goods for them to sell. The profit the ruling-class gain they invest back in their business, while giving a small wage to the working individuals. As the rich keep investing, the individuals working are receiving a small income for them to live on, this creates a social divide, between the rich and the poor. According to Marx, workers are alienated within the workforce, three of the main types of alienation he described include: alienation from the product, alienation from productive activity and†¦show more content†¦This shows how the modern division of labour is advantageous in keeping contemporary societies together and how the division of labour is essential for maintaining organic solidarity. Differing from Marx’s view, Durk heim claimed the societies that dominated up to the seventieth and eighteenth centuries is incompatible with the diversity of today’s society (Giddens 1971). Both Marx and Durkheim differed on the views of the modern division, Marx viewing the division of labour based on conflict between social classes whereas Durkheim viewed the division as founded on the specialisation of the workforce. However, the approaches they used to analyse their theories was the same. Marx and Durkheim worked deductively, they came up with a theory and then found evidence to support them. They also both emphasise on the macro approach to generate their views, their theories apply to a larger population and whole societies. For example, Durkheim looks at the large-scale shift from traditional societies to industrial societies, analysing the specialisation of peoples working role. Similarly, Marx views the importance of economy in society and how all institutions look to serve the purpose of capitalism. This highlights the fact that both Marx and Durkheim’s used macro approaches to study society. Both Marx and Durkheim view religion as legitimising the laws and morals within society, they both argued individuals are notShow MoreRelatedAlienation, By Karl Marx991 Words   |  4 PagesAlienation has been widely reported in the area of work by Karl Marx on the example of a worker. According to him work for the laborer is an external element that does not belong to his essence. By doing work one feels unhappy which prevents him from developing the physical and spiritual energy and causes the ruin of the spiritual and mortification of the flesh. Marx notes that work of the laborer is an external because it is not his own, does not belong to him, and the worker should notRead MoreKarl Marx, Alienation of Labor784 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx believed that there are four aspects of a mans alienation that occur in a capitalist society. The product of labor, the labor process, our fellow human beings, and human nature are the four specific aspects of alienation that occur in a capitalist society. Marx said that in the product of labor the worker is alienated from the object he produces because it is bought, owned and disposed of by someone else, the capitalist. In all societies people use their creative abilities to produceRead MoreKarl Marx And Alienation ( 2000 )1034 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Alienation (1,800 – 2,000 words) Introduction about Marx (1818 – 1883): mention the materials that are going to be used to back up your points (minimum of 5 scholarly materials) Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) was a German theorist who had taken the theory of alienation into consideration. He was also involved in communist party in Germany, trying to overthrow the class system. Marx had been banished from Germany for his critical thinking, and moved to England where he had become a communistRead MoreAlienation of Process according to Karl Marx651 Words   |  3 PagesKarl Marx discusses four forms of alienation and two of the four are equally important in the ongoing production of capitalism: alienation from the process and product one makes. From the alienation of process, the proletariat or maker is just a producer of the product. He does not have any say as to how a product should be made or improved because he is not the owner of the facilities or tools used to make the product. This can be incorporated to a worker in a factory. He or she may be given specificRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Alienation Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesSociologist Karl Marx concentrated deeply on economic problems and related these matters to social issues. For example, when Marx examined capitalism in the labour sector he came to the conclusion that it drove workers to feel alienated from the product, themselves and those surrounding them. This essay will firstly give a brief overview of industrial capitalism and discuss Karl Marx’s early life and how he came up with the theory of alienation through his influences and life experiences. SecondlyRead More Karl Marx - Capitalist Alienation Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesand a half ago, Karl Marx established a theory that today is known as the backbone to modern socialism and communism. Marx viewed the early capitalism of his own day as inherently exploitive. At the core of capitalist production is what is considered surplus value, the value left over after the producer (in Marx’s case, factory owner) had paid the fixed costs of production such as raw materials, machinery, overhead and wages . The left over amount was kept as profit, a profit that Marx saw that was earnedRead More Karl Marx - Capitalist Alienation Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesKarl Marx - Capitalist Alienation THE TERM alienation in normal usage refers to a feeling of separateness, of being alone and apart from others. For Marx, alienation was not a feeling or a mental condition, but an economic and social condition of class society--in particular, capitalist society. Alienation, in Marxist terms, refers to the separation of the mass of wage workers from the products of their own labor. Marx first expressed the idea, somewhat poetically, in his 1844 Manuscripts:Read MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Alienation Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx’s theory of alienation states the consequences of living within a capitalist society that is made up of stratified social classes. The working class is alienated because they are deprived of the right to think or direct their own actions without the oppression of the economic entity controlled by the Bourgeoisie. Emile Durkheim’s theory of anomie was developed during a great capitalist growth, the industrialization revolution. The mass population could not keep up with the constant changeRead MoreEssay on Karl Marx and Capitalist Alienation1828 Words   |  8 Pages The concept of alienation plays a significant role in Marxs early political writing, especially in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1848, but it is rarely mentioned in his later works. This implies that while Marx found alienation useful in investigating certain basic aspects of the development of capitalist society, it is less useful in putting forward the predictions of the collapse of capitalism. The aim of this essay is to explain alienation, and show how it fits into the patternRead MoreKarl Marx : Is Alienation A Systematic Result Of Capitalism?1711 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx: Is Alienation a Systematic Result of Capitalism? Name: The Marx’s theory of alienation was based on antagonism that things that are related together and are in harmony as well as social separation of man from aspect of man’s nature. One can only be left to ponder if alienation is a systematic result of capitalism. Predominance of private ownership of means of production and exploitation of wage labor all characterize alienation, therefore, alienation is the culmination of capitalism

Words of Encouragement Free Essays

Patrick Draughn Words of Encouragment From the outgoing class of 2012 to the incoming class of 2013 we would like to say congratulations to you all, you made it. It has been a long and the finish line is gradually approaching. This upcoming year will be the best and worst time s of your high school experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Words of Encouragement or any similar topic only for you Order Now There will be times when you can’t wait to get to school to show off your new outfit or to attend homecoming week. There will also be times where school is just not where you want to be today and your body will go but your mind stays at home. These times will come and these times will go but the one thing you must remember is not to forget why you come to school. Do not forget why you are attending high school. Don’t forget about the test on Monday because you were out with your friends this weekend and didn’t feel like studying. Don’t forget about the paper due next week because you were too busy deciding what to get Brittany or bobby something for their birthday. Don’t be late to class because you couldn’t decide what to wear with your fresh outfit or what accessories will match your dress. No this is not the time to slack off now is not the time to conduct the infamous virus known as senioritis. Now is the time to focus on your studies, guide your way through the path to graduation, and if you decide start figuring out what college you would like to attend if you haven’t decided already. To the prospective college students now is definitely not the time to get behind on your studies but to get a study plan started. Trust me it will be a necessity. I know there will be times where you feel like giving up and wanting to quit. I’ve been there, I’ve been up all night typing papers and having to get up at the crack of dawn the next morning for class. I’ve been beaten up in practice and having to come home to chores, siblings, and homework. I had the job where you had to work on weekends and homework was due Mondays instead of Wednesdays. I never said the road to graduation was easy but I promise it will be worth it, and after that road ends many more roads will begin to form. It’s always wise to plan your next destination and whether it may be college, military, workforce, or etc. make sure you’re making the right decision for yourself and no one else. You have control of your own destiny. I remember my senior year I was commander of the entire ROTC at my high school, captain of two sports teams, and I also had a job. Although there were times when giving up felt like the easiest thing to do I had to sit back and think was it the RIGHT thing to do. I received many rewards; honor roll, medals, even a state championship ring so it’s say to say I have accomplished many things throughout my high school experience but my biggest achievement was walking across that stage looking my principal in his face and shaking his hand while he gave me my diploma. I knew that I was finally finished everything was complete. I remember sitting down with my grandmother who is is a big influence on my life. We sat down and talked about college she told me how no one in our family has ever been to college and if I decided to go id be the very first. That was more than enough motivation for me to choose the right path for me so hopefully the right path for you students will be easy as well. In choosing your path I want you to remember one thing that my grandmother always told me. My grandmother was a very wise woman and although we had many conversations I never remember them all but I do remember that specific conversation over the rest because she told me something that has been engraved in my mind ever since that night. She said people can take a lot of things from you money, cars, clothes, homes, even your life; but there’s one thing no one will never be able to take from you and that’s your education. So to the upcoming senior class of 2013 I say good luck congratulations and may your road or path guide you to your destiny. How to cite Words of Encouragement, Papers

Management System of Thuotech Soft Solution †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management System of Thuotech Soft Solution. Answer: Introduction Management information system is a computerized system that stores given information for the purpose of retrieval and sharing across the organization (INC, 2014). This report provides the solution to the defined problem and some of the benefits the solution will have if adopted by the organization. This solution is viewed in e-commerce and m-commerce perspective and how it can be integrated into business in this organization. A thorough analysis on the challenges and how to mitigate them is explained. Finally, this report provides a clear recommendations and conclusions on the proposed solution. Thuotech Soft Solution is one of the limited company situated at Sydney. This company was established in the year 2016 and it deals with providing hardware accessories to various small scale firms within the city. Some of the products the company provides include computer accessories such as monitors, Hard disks, phones, memory card among other accessories. Although the company is still small, its business seems to thrive effectively. Problem Description Having worked at Thuotech Soft Solution, I realized they had a problem in marketing their products and managing their stock and reports. This was as a result of lack of carrying all their activities manually, including taking stock value, reporting and processing sales orders. This problem affected the company largely on order processing which took long, penetrating their market easily and having clear reports. These made services at this company less efficient, time consuming and more costly. Proposed Solutions To solve this problem at Thuotech, a proper information management system which consist of an inventory system and a front end application that displays the companys product and enable customers to make order at their comfort would be appropriate for them. The system will also allow payment of goods using online channels such as paypal and mobile money. Introduction to E-commerce and M-commerce E-commerce can be defined as online business activities. These activities include online shopping, order processing and payment processing (Chahar, 2013). E-commerce results to other technologies which include m-commerce, online banking, supply chain management, online marketing, business transaction processing, information transfer, inventory systems among others. On the other hand M-commerce refers to use of handheld devices such as mobile phones to conduct business activities (N, 2012). Therefore, if Thuotech adopts an E-commerce system they will be able to conduct their business activities online and this will boost their marketing and sales records. Organization business benefits in using e-commerce and m-commerce E-commerce and M-commerce systems come with so many benefits in the business environment. Some of these benefits include: Reduction of paper work in con ducting business activities such as order processing, record generation and information storage. These systems provide variety of choices for the customer to view and choose from at the comfort of their gadgets. It provides an avenue for online order placing and processing thus leading to increased sales for the company. These information systems also provide a wider market for the companys product since customers are able to access the companys products online. Therefore the systems make it easy for the company to advertise their products widely. With this system in place, inventory management system will enable company to keep proper record of their products, monitor business activities, generate quality reports, process more orders and carry out proper auditing of the company progress. All these are some of the benefits that Thuotech Company will enjoy once they adopt this information management system. This system will enhance rapid growth of Thuotech Soft Solution and also ensures effective and efficient services to their customers (Wills, 2014) . Integration of e-commerce and m-commerce to the organization Upon adoption of an information system by Thuotech Soft System, the system will consist of other sub-systems that will constitute the overall system. These subsystems include inventory management systems that will provide information on the value of stock, number of orders both placed and processed, reports that will no longer be generated manually but rather automatically. Also an E-commerce system in this case a front end application will enable Thuotech customers to view available products and place their orders online as well as paying for their orders without having to go to thuotech offices. An m-commerce system that enables customers to use their mobile phones to access Thuotech system and transact will also be part of the large Thuotech information system. Therefore with this single system every operation of Thuotech Company will be centralized and controlled using this system (Futurism, 2016). This will reduce operational costs. E-commerce supply chain management This refers to the flow of activities in conducting business using an E-commerce system (Zubin Poonawalla, 2014). These activities can be defined as sub-process that makes up an e-commerce supply chain management system. These processes facilitate the flow of services from the company to the customers and vice versa. These sub-processes include sourcing of products and purchasing, production, distribution of goods, product inventory management, sales, marketing among others. All these are part of an e-commerce system proposed to Thuotech Company. This can be shown below. Challenges and Protection Challenges of e-commerce and m-commerce systems include: Information security Since this system is accessible via the internet, the information it handles might be prone to challenges such as hacking. This can be avoided by ensuring that the system is hosted on a more secured environment. Customers feel and touch some customers purchase product after having a touch of it and be able to analyze it. With e-commerce system this is not possible. Requires expertise and skills to operate these system employees of Thuotech Company will have to be trained in order to gain expertise required. Conclusions and recommendations In conclusion, e-commerce systems have great benefits that help in propagating businesses to greater height. Therefore, Thuotech Soft Solution should adopt this system in their company this will help them conduct their activities more effectively and even connect more with their customers from all over Sydney and Australia at large. References Chahar, D. D. (2013). Analysis of E-Commerce and M-Commerce: Advantages, Limitations and Security issues . Bangalore: International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. Futurism. (2016, December 14). blog. Retrieved August 19, 2017, from Futurism Technologies: https://www.futurismtechnologies.com/blog/7-benefits-integrating-ecommerce-erp/ INC. (2014). Management Information System. Inc. N, K. (2012). E-COMMERCE AND M-COMMERCE: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED SCREENING. IJMT. Wills, B. (2014). 18 Major Benefits of e-Commerce Business for Retailers Customers in 2016. Medium. Zubin Poonawalla. (2014). Logistics Supply Chain Management. New Delhi: Slideshare.

Analysis of Robert Creelys Poem Oh No Essays

Analysis of Robert Creelys Poem Oh No Essays Analysis of Robert Creelys Poem Oh No Paper Analysis of Robert Creelys Poem Oh No Paper What comes to mind Is a humans experience of life after death. Creel describes a wonderful place that people want to end up once their lives come to an end. Through Creels explanation about this final destination, we are able to Infer that he Is writing about heaven. The first two lines are If you wander far enough you will come to it. In these lines he author tells the audience that if you go through life, you will one day die and be accepted into heaven. The wandering refers to living your life. If you wander far enough you will end up dying someday. Then when you die, you will live your afterlife in heaven. Heaven is what the it stands for. The next two lines are and when you get there they will give you a place to sit. These two lines are describing the arrival to heaven. When the author says they he is talking about God and the angels. He is telling us that we are given somewhere to it to relax. Heaven as we know it is a peaceful place. We are able to sit down after a long Journey through life to relieve stress and pain. After that he writes for yourself only, In a nice chair, which shows that everyone gets their own chair to sit. Everyone receives a nice chair for themselves because everyone is treated equally in heaven. God sees everyone the same. No one human is better than another in Gods eyes. All the people in heaven deserve their own chair. It is not because we are selfish, but because we are all created equal. We should all be awarded with a place to sit and enjoy heaven after going through our difficult lives. The following line states and all your friends will be there. This means that all friends and family, that have passed away earlier, will also be there. People are reunited with all of their loved ones. The afterlife in heaven is supposedly a wonderful place where people live eternally. It would be an exciting experience to be able to be with your loved ones again after the pain you felt when they passed away during your life. Then the author writes with smiles on their faces. This line shows how happy your friends are to see you when you arrive. Smiling is one of the easiest ways to show ones happiness. It also shows us that they enjoy living there. Since they are all smiling, it makes you feel like it is a warm, loving environment. Creel wants the audience to know that heaven is the best place to be. Everyone is happy in heaven because there is nothing to worry about like there is during life on earth. You do not have to worry about school, a Job, money, and other things that cause stress and anxiety. Finally the last line states and they will likewise all have places. This shows that everyone Is treated the same way in heaven and nobody Is left out. They all have places to sit because God will provide to those who deserve to be in heaven. Its trying to tell us that whoever Is accepted Into heaven will live happily ever after. This Is a good way to end the poem. Creel Is showing us that everyone has a place reserved for them in heaven and God is willing to accept all humans. 0 represents ten Tear AT cleat . I could mean Tanat people are tartar because they have Just died and they do not want their lives to be over. It could refer to a state between life and the afterlife in which people do not know if they will end up in heaven or hell. Most people want be accepted into heaven, so they might be nervous that God will send them to hell. Either way, the author shows us that there is no need to worry because God will accept us into his kingdom. We go through life everyday trying to p lease God in order to enter into heaven hen our lives are over. Religion plays a major role in most peoples lives. The fear of not being accepted into heaven can cause people to fear death. If we try to please God and make the best that we can out of our lives then there is no need to worry about death. The afterlife is supposedly much better than life on earth and we are able to live forever in heaven once we have passed away. Creel is supporting the beliefs that one enters into heaven after death and lives happily forever with their loved ones.

History of the Christianity Contributions to the Western World

History of the Christianity Contributions to the Western World Christianity makes a lot of contributions to the Western world because the history of Westerners is closely associated with the development of Christianity. From this point, many religious aspects which are characteristic for Christianity are reflected in the social and political orders of the Western states, in morality and philosophy of the Western people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Christianity Contributions to the Western World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is possible to state that two important contributions made by Christianity to the development of the Western civilization are the accentuation of the significant role of family within the society and the contribution to the Westerners’ morality, philosophy, and theology with references to the Ten Commandments. Today, a lot of people are inclined to reject the significance of family as a social institution within the contemporar y society. However, it is important to pay attention to the fact that family remains to be the basic social institution discussed as a fundamental one in many sociological theories (DeMar 38-40). The focus on the importance of family and the sacrament of marriage can be considered as one of the main contributions provided by Christianity to the Western world. The sacrament of marriage and the role of family as the form of interactions between a man and a woman within the society are stated in the Bible. People can reject the significance of marriage for them, but they continue to marry in front of God in churches and discuss their families as a sense of their life. There are many aspects associated with the role and functions of spouses in marriage which are regulated from the perspective of Christianity (Morris). That is why, Christianity with its accentuation of the family’s role is influential for the development of the society with references to its basic institutions. Th e development of ethics and philosophy within the Western society is also based on the contributions of Christianity to these fields. The effective contribution to regulate the Westerners’ ethics and behaviors is the Ten Commandments (Nigosian). Christians are inclined to follow the principles described in the Ten Commandments and other ethical doctrines without asking for their justification. The Ten Commandments involve the issues connected with the people’s ethics and rights necessary to cooperate within the society. That is why, the basics of the social interaction can depend on the Ten Commandments directly or indirectly (Morris).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this point, it is important to focus on the fact that non-Christians also follow the social ethical rules and norms correlated with the Ten Commandments while interacting within the W estern society. Thus, the contribution of Christianity to the development of the Westerners’ ethics and morality is obvious because the theological questions connected with the Ten Commandments are not only actively discussed within the society but also consciously followed. The progress of the Western culture and Western society is closely associated with Christianity. That is why, the Christian contributions influence almost all the spheres of the social life. The most obvious contributions are to the development of the Westerners’ beliefs, moral principles, rules, and moral norms with references to their ethics and philosophy. Thus, the Christian Ten Commandments regulate the everyday life of many Westerners according to their morality and rights. Moreover, such Christian tradition as marriage is not only a religious practice but also a significant social act which affects the progress of the society in any Western country. DeMar, Gary. America’s Christian H eritage. Nashville, TN: Broadman Holman Publishers, 2003. Print. Morris, Benjamin. The Christian Life and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States. Powder Springs, GA: American Vision, 2007. Print. Nigosian, Solomon. World Religions: A Historical Approach. USA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Print.

Sublimus Deus and Requerimiento Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sublimus Deus and Requerimiento - Essay Example The message is that Christ never fails, and it is the duty of those individuals possessing Catholic faith to teach all people, who are capable of receiving the doctrines of the faith (Pope Paul III, 1537).1 However, the enemy of mankind, who counters all superior deeds in order to destroy men, has developed all means of hindering the preaching of Lord’s word of Salvation to the human race. These enemies of the human race published that the West and South Indians among other individuals ought to be viewed as dumb beasts created for the Christians’ service. They claimed that these individuals are unable to accept 1the Catholic Faith. The Catholics exercise the power of God and seek to bring those individuals without Christian faith to acquire this faith. This implies that Indians are men who are capable of understanding the Catholic faith and are willing to receive it. As Pope Paul III (1537)1 notes, conversions thereof signed by any legal representative and sealed with any ecclesiastical dignitary seal the Catholics command some requirements as discussed below. 2 First, these Indians and the other individuals with no Christian faith should not be underprivileged of their freedom and the ownership of their property, even if they do not have faith in Jesus Christ. These people should not be enslaved, and they should freely and legally enjoy their freedom and the ownership of their property. The Catholics claim that if the contrary takes place, it shall be unsound and have no result. Secondly, these Indians and other individuals ought to be transformed to the belief of Jesus Christ through preaching the God’s word and through example of excellent and sacred living. The arguments in this piece are; first, non-Christians with no faith in Jesus Christ should be not underprivileged of their independence and the ownership of their possessions. Secondly, Christians ought to preach the God’s word to all

Organizational Learning and Environmental Change Essay

Organizational Learning and Environmental Change - Essay Example Still, most of this is still commandeered by human intelligence however, networked computing is able to reap efficiency and outputs undreamt off earlier.Often new concepts are ignored till the time they translate into a competitive disadvantage. This paper examines the various approaches to learning which an organization can adopt so that learning challenges in the environment are not only recognized right in time but also ingrained into the operations of the organization and reflect in employees’ learning to derive competitive advantage. This paper examines the relevance of the Revans formula which emphasizes the importance of keeping pace in the learning process. All organizations can be viewed as offering some kind of solution to the problems of their stakeholders in the widest and deepest marketing sense. An essential blueprint for the organizational survival is derived from the writing of Revans(1980,1982). Revans(1980) posited that in order for an organization to succeed the learning(L) within an organization must be greater than or equal to the rate of change(C)in the environment (L ≠¥ C). This is called the Raven formula. This concept maintains that organizations must become learning organizations if they are to survive the changes in the external environment that affect the business and its operations. Revans recommended action learning to essentially mean removing the gap between ideas and actions, between thinking and doing, action and learning as parts of each other. Revans coined the phrase,† â€Å"helping each other to help the helpless†.Revans philosophy is based on three concepts of honesty about self, all know ledge ought to be action-oriented and most action should lead to camaraderie. An immediate example can prove Revans theory in relation to stakeholders of any organization. The organization  like airlines –offering the services of air travel-were faced with a new and emerging niche of customers who were upwardly mobile professionals with high spending powers in the  early 1990s.

Fact-Finding Techniques for Requirements Discovery of Business Systems Essay

Fact-Finding Techniques for Requirements Discovery of Business Systems Analysis and Design - Essay Example Denscombe (2007) observes that for success to be registered in any project there is a need for an accurate data collection through specific methods that are to be used. The methods used in finding this information are referred to as fact finding techniques. There are various fact finding techniques including use of interviews, observation, and use of questionnaires among other techniques. Using interviews The interview is one of the fact finding techniques whereby the analysis is done through the collection of information from different persons in an interactive way. In an interview, the research always needs to find the desired facts through talking with the respondents. The facts found are supposed to be verified and clarified. In conduction interviews, enthusiasm should always be generated and the end user is always involved in the process. The identification of the requirements has been often very important before the conduction of interviews. Interviews do involve soliciting of ideas and opinions from the respondents. In interviews as a fact finding technique, there can be the use of unstructured interview. The interviewee id depended on in the provision of a framework and the direction of the discussion. It is generally not done for a specific goal. Structured interviews are done with an aim of getting answers to specific questions that are put down by the interviewer. In interviewing, open and closed ended queries are often used. The open ended questions do allow the interviewee to offer answers as he or she deems while the closed ended questions do have restrictions. Reasons for selecting interviews By using interviews to find the facts, the analyst is always presented with an opportunity of motivating the interviewee to be able to respond to the questions openly and freely. This is because the interviewer and the analyst are always in touch on a one on one basis. The analyst can probe the interviewee for more answers that are thought to be relevant and useful. Due to the physical contact between the analyst and the interviewee, there can always be a re-wording of the questions suppose the interviewee does not understand or get the required concepts. This is an advantage that all the other fact finding techniques does lack. Throughout the interview process, the analyst is in a position to analyze the interviewee’s non verbal communication and body language. This is a vital aspect in the whole analysis of the facts obtained from the interview. (Shelly, Cashman & Rosenblatt, 2009). Implementation of the method In order to carry out a successful interview and obtain the needed data, it is important to have a systematic and a well organized interview. This involves a lot of processes. For instance, selection of interviewees is an important aspect. Those going to be interviewed need to be selected carefully to ensure that the one chosen will offer the desired responses and data. It is important to have end users that are reliabl e. The analyst should have prior knowledge about the interviewees to avoid a lot of conflicts and inconveniences during the actual interviewing process. Preparation for the interview is a major aspect. This can be done through an interview guide. During the actual interview process, the problem that has mooted the interview process should be summarized. The interviewee is also offered some incentive for participating in the interview process. This is to encourage honest response. The analyst’

Effect of Globalisation on Media and Diversity

Effect of Globalisation on Media and Diversity Cahanoo Krishna Globalization encourages the production of culturally diverse media. Discuss. Executive Summary This essay is aimed to seek and to find out whether globalization of the media tends to undermine culturally diversity or does it encourages or benefits it. Existing and present point of view around the relationship/connection between media globalization and diverse cultures are to be examined, considered and evaluated. A study of the diverse purposes performed by global media and surrounded by the perspective of different economies, technological and cultural aspects ( from a cultural perspective ), was done in order to observe to what extent and changes of diverse ways globalization along with media could impact on different cultures. Generally media could influence an essential and active role in upsetting a country’s culture. Whether the globalization of media weakens a country’s national culture or not, it is also to determine by how potential and active a specific country’s national culture is. Amongst the positive side, economic and technological globalization of media do not only refreshes the already existing media strong points, but they also allocate contribution to newer media groups to develop and to mature. At some specific point this essay uses the case of Mauritius and the international facts to demonstrate the cultural homogenization with global media. The national and regional media groups in Mauritius, such as channels from the Mauritius Broadcast Corporation (MBC) like â€Å"Bhojpuri Channel and Sen Creole† develop quickly. Also all the radio stations helps to contribute towards a culture preservance. Thanks to cultural factors, the MBC and Local Radio stations have an edge over foreign competitors and play a very important role in the preservation of our Mauritian cultural identity. (Gov.mu, 2014) Globalization Media in cultural diversity Globalization can be defined as a concrete happening which is caused concurrently by the means of new technologies. It refers to a fast rising and the progress of complex interconnections amongst societies, cultures, organizations globally. The objective of this essay is to consider and to evaluate whether the new circumstances shaped by globalization in the media business imply a risk for the cultural diversity. Most agree that the trend towards becoming international or as one appears to be irreversible, and it is a progression that is inevitable to affect all of us in one way or another. (Sohail, 2014) Globalisation could never occur or exist without the help of media and communication. The media itself performs as a contributor which integrates and connect different cultures nations present around the globe. According to Marshall McLuhan, he describes globalisation as an inter-relations amongst different nations whose purpose is to highlight the ‘electronic media and technology which increasingly integrates the world’, and so those happenings in a certain country can be experienced here and now by other individuals which would make the world more integrated. (McLullan, n.d.) Therefore persons from around the globe are imposed by the cultural colonisation which occur in regards to the actual media and which greatly influences the community and individuals. The combination of diverse cultures from different countries therefore can be integrated, mixed and characterised into different notable forms of media illustration which can practice the media globalisation and mul ticulturalism. (Media Globalisation, n.d.) Through the distribution of the Internet, this has provided the media with additional channel to interrelate itself with the world and is considered to be the most valuable, all-inclusive channels of communication used through the globe. The media globalisation has prominently prolonged the implication of communication throughout numerous media channels such as social networking sites like ‘Twitter, Facebook, blogs and YouTube’ which have developed into a leading platform, populaces from around the world and numerous diverse cultures use these communication networks even though it was at first initiated from the Western community, but still creates positive effects on the less developed countries. (UK Essays, 2014) The media uprising has transformed the whole sphere into a world-wide village. Considering the Satellites TV networks are one of the great tools which contributed to media and the public acknowledge it with love. In Mauritius Satellite TV like ‘Canal Sat, MBC TNT, Orange MYT and DSTV’ are in an increasing reputation and popularity day by day and have taken over traditional forms of entertainment. According to Giandev Moteea, numerous channels form the ‘MCB TNT and Orange MYT’ are bringing up-to-date technical and scientific information at no cost which almost all houses do have them according to statistics. On a simply touch of turning on our television, we can be conscious of the most recent changes around the world instantly. We can watch programmes like the upcoming ‘2014 World Cup, scientific robots at Mars and marvels of engineering in the field of medicine and technology’. This latest verge of technology have delivered us the opportunities to move from a standing stage of lack of knowledge to a modern era of uprising and judgement. Right now we are living in a speedily and constantly changing world, change is around and within us. (Moteea, 2014) The Impact of new technologies According to Teresa M, traditional media as we know will most unlikely continue to have the utmost dominance in the spreading and distribution of cultural ethics. The digitalisation of the media unlocks further angles for the supply of contents which will show a surge in the cultural mixture along the media. However, there is a tendency towards the implantation of pay media which could mean that access to the contents is restricted for a great part of the society, who do not have sufficient resources. This tendency must be counteracted especially by the public ownership media. The convergence and digitalisation of media compromise of new potentials for the increase of cultural diversity, such as the public straight access to subjects, further opportunity for the distribution of subjects and contents. Internet is an exclusively suitable intermediate for the spreading and communication of cultural contents. The Internet can ease the existence in society of cultural associations and oth er groups of similar nature, which will help to develop stimulating cultural accomplishments. (Teresa, 2001) According to So hail Butt, the whole planet has changed and turned into a global community due to the media. The extensive power of media have spread in almost every society and cultural aspects all over the globe. Currently with the development within the field of science and technology, we are internationally interconnected with communication from other countries. The internet has surely brought countries and nations closer, it has functioned to help in the development of the world into global village. (Sohail, 2014) Conclusion The global media mainly the term globalisation concept, permits the different cultures to present a distinct expression to promote and to encourage their awareness and also to provide the general community with proper understanding and awareness of their stories and characteristics. It also permits for the communication of their applicable explanations and observations on diverse issues that are at utmost importance through the preserving of culture and understanding acquirement of the diverse cultural ways, thus this allow them to hold and keep their mixture rather than extinguishing some of the cultures, as others have predicted. (Etec.ctlt.ubc.ca, 2012) The mass media though globalisation contributes in the uplifting and re-establishing of the different cultural preservation of countries. We see that somehow with the help of technology, it can be used to promote and preserve cultural language, customs and the culture itself. Technology like the internet and social networks also al lows for self-representation and conservation of subjective and combined distinctiveness by providing independence and authorisation. Globalisation and the media along with technology have been providing opportunities to redefine shared and combined distinctiveness along with categorising a place for any distinctive cultures present. Globalisation along with the media is here to help the community, governmental and economic systems, combined with a common goal in mind, will no doubt in the present and the future help and enable the evolving authorisation among diverse cultural aspects and peoples throughout the world. Through globalisation and the media, this provide a beneficial impact on person’s, societies or groups advancing to promote and help in the cultural aspects in an international or locally. Globalisation have also complexes the method of education in numerous times over but while doing so, it has help to generate numerous farfetched occasions and opportunities for states and countries to break free with the old-fashioned and traditional ways of cultivating and now work in the direction of producing awareness and understanding in different communities across the globe. Thanks to the media, any individual is perceived as a person who can perform locally but yet reason internationally. To my poin t of view media is encouraged to preserve and maintain the cultural mixture through the assistance of globalisation. (Etec.ctlt.ubc.ca, 2012) References Etec.ctlt.ubc.ca,. (2012). Globalization and its Effect on Cultural Diversity ETEC 510. Retrieved 3 June 2014, from http://etec.ctlt.ubc.ca/510wiki/Globalization_and_its_Effect_on_Cultural_Diversity Gov.mu,. (2014). Republic of Mauritius. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from http://www.gov.mu/English/Pages/default.aspx Mc Lullan, M. (n.d.). Marshall McLuhan, The Global Village. Livinginternet.com. Retrieved 1 June 2014, from http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_mcluhan.htm Media Globalisation. (n.d.). Retrieved 3 June 2014, from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/9446_010773Ch2.pdf Moteea, G. (2014). Giandev Moteea : â€Å"Television goes digital, Mauritius Post cooperates with ICTA and IBA to carry a study on the state of DTT†. Defimedia.info. Retrieved 3 June 2014, from http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/26827-giandev-moteea%E2%80%9Ctelevision-goes-digital-mauritius-post-cooperates-with-icta-and-iba-to-carry-a-study-on-the-state-of-dtt%E2%80%9D.html Sohail, M. (2014). Globalization, its impact on mass media. The Nation. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from http://www.nation.com.pk/national/24-Feb-2014/globalization-its-impact-on-mass-media Teresa, M. (2001). GLOBALISATION OF THE MEDIA INDUSTRY AND POSSIBLE THREATS TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY. Retrieved 1 June 2014, from UK Essays,. (2014). Is Media Globalisation A Form Of Cultural Imperialism Media Essay. Ukessays.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/media/is-media-globalisation-a-form-of-cultural-imperialism-media-essay.php

Subjects of International Law Essays -- International Law

In any kind of legal relations, subject always play an important role, and it is one of the signals to determine the relation that pertaining the adjustment of any legislation system. International law is a legislation system that is a set of thousands of documents from various sources. The research about the subjects is necessary since it helps to find out the source of law, which relation pertains the adjustment of law. The subjects of international law include sovereign states and analogous entities, intergovernmental organizations, the individuals, and multinational corporations. First of all, we need to know the definition of the subjects of international law. In the perspective of legal theories, to identify the subjects of international law must be based on these following basic signals: The participation in international legal relations that be adjusted by the international law; having the will of independence in international activities; having a full rights and obligations severally toward other objects under the scope to adjust of international law; ability of shoulder the international legal responsibility for the acts executed by object. Generally, objects of international law are the entities that are participating in, or may have the ability to participate in the international legal relations independently. They have the full legal international rights and obligations for the acts executed by object. About the power of the subjects of international law, it is the basic properties, the special legal ability of the subjects that inherited the rights and shoulder the obligations, legal responsibility in international legal relations. Subjects' power includes two aspects, and only when ones get all these two aspec... ...References Acquaviva, G, 2005, 'Subjects of international law: a power-based analysis', Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, viewed 7 January 2011, . Hamid, AG, 'The subjects of international law', viewed 7 January 2011, SUBJECTS%20OF%20INTERNATIONAL.pdf>. Queen's University Belfast 2011, Subjects of International Law, Northern Ireland, viewed 7 January 2011, Library/>. Wikipedia Contributors 2011, 'International law', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 January, viewed 7 January 2011, .

Comprehensive assignment Essay

1. (5 pts) Describe the metabolic process providing your energy while you were walking (at an easy pace) before the bee stung you. Include which molecules are being consumed. The metabolic process providing my energy while I was walking at an easy pace is aerobic metabolism. During aerobic metabolism, mitochondria absorb from the surrounding cytoplasm these molecules: ADP, phosphate ions, O2, and organic substances like pyruvate. These molecules go through the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain is also involved to create ATP. For each molecule of pyruvate that goes into the citric acid cycle, the cell gains 17 ATP molecules. Glycogen reserves can also be used and converted to glucose. Glycolysis breaks down glucose molecules to create more pyruvate. However, if not enough glycogen is available, the cell can also use amino acids and lipids to do this. This is a very efficient process but also only contributes a fraction of the ATP during aerobic metabolism. At moderate levels of activity, most of the energy during aerobic metabolism comes from work done by the mitochondria. The muscles involved during this process need all of the energy produc ed as ATP, and there is no extra left over in this particular metabolic process if muscle activity increases (â€Å"Muscle Tissue† P. 306-7). 2. (8 pts) Trace the sound of the bee from your outer ear to perception. (Include all focusing, conduction, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures). Sound vibrations from the buzzing bee vibrate the air molecules as pressure waves around my ear and enter the auricle which is cone-shaped in order to direct these sound waves into the ear via the external acoustic meatus. The sound waves reach the tympanic membrane through the external acoustic meatus and cause it to vibrate. When the tympanic membrane moves, it causes the auditory ossicles to move. The auditory ossicles are made up of the malleus, incus, and stapes. These ossicles are important because they amplify the sound. The stapes then transfers this movement to the oval window and the pressure waves move through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli. These waves then disturb the basilar membrane as they move toward the round window  of the scala tympani. This causes vibrations of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. The information about where the sound originated and about how strong the pressure waves are is interpreted by the central nervous system over the cochlea r branch of cranial nerve VIII (â€Å"The Special Senses† P. 584-5). 3. (4 pts) Turn your head to the right. (Create a table that describes which muscles move which bones across which joints under the control of which nerves). Action:Muscle:Origin:Insertion:Nerve: Bends head towards shoulder and turns face to opposite sideSternocleidomastoidClavicular head attaches to sternal end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to manubrium. Mastoid region of skull and lateral portion of superior nuchal lineAccessory Nerve XI; Cervical Spinal Nerves (C2-C3) Rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side, Splenius (Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis)Spinous processes and ligaments connecting inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae, Mastoid process, occipital bone of skull, and superior cervical vertebrae, Cervical Spinal Nerves Rotates and laterally flexes neck to that sideLongissimus capitis Transverse process of inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae, Mastoid process of temporal boneCervical and thoracic spinal nerves Rotates and laterally flexes neck to that sideLongissimus cervicis, Transverse process of superior thoracic vertebrae. Transverse processes of middle and superior cervical vertebrae. Cervical and thoracic spinal nerves. Extends vertebral column and rotates toward opposite side. Semispinalis cervicis. Transverse processes of T1-T5 or T6 Spinous processes of C2-C5Cervical spinal nerves Rotates head to that sideLongus capitis. Transverse processes of cervical vertebraeBase of the occipital boneCervical spinal nerves. Flexes or rotates neckLongus colliAnterior surfaces of cervical and superior thoracic vertebraeTransverse processes of superior cervical vertebraeCervical spinal nerves (â€Å"The Muscular System† P. 339-341) 4. (6 pts) Move your eyes and look at the bee. (Create a table that describes  which nerves control which muscles to cause the needed eye movements). Action:Muscle:Origin:Insertion:Nerve: Eye looks down. Inferior RectusSphenoid around optic canal. Inferior, medial surface of eyeball. Oculomotor Nerve III Eye looks laterally. Lateral Rectus. Sphenoid around optic canalLateral surface of eyeball. Abducens Nerve VI Eye rolls, looks down and laterally. Superior ObliqueSphenoid around optic canal. Superior, lateral surface of eyeball. Trochlear Nerve IV (â€Å"The Muscular System† P. 335) 5. (8 pts) Trace the image of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures). After a retinal molecule absorbs light, the normally 11-cis form of the bound retinal molecule straightens to become the 11-trans from. This change activated the opsin molecule. Opsin activates transducin which is a G protein. This G protein then activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks down cyclic-GMP. The break-down of cyclic-GMP removes them from the gated sodium channels and makes the gated sodium channels inactive. Because of this, sodium ion entry into the cytoplasm decreases. This sodium ion reduction then reduces the dark current. Active transport continues to remove sodium ions from the cytoplasm even though the gated sodium channels are closed. This causes the transmembrane potential to drop down to -70 mV and hyperpolarize. This hyperpolarization decreases neurotransmitter release. The adjacent cell is then aware that the photoreceptor has absorbed a photon. A specific ganglion cell keeps track of a specific portion of the visual field. Rods are also called M cells and give the brain information about a general location of received photons and light rather than very specific information. Cones are also called P cells and can be much more specific than rods. The P cells are smaller and more numerous than M cells. This helps them be better at giving information about edges, fine detail and color. The activation of a P cell gives information about a very specific location. The P cells give high resolution information. Axons from the ganglion cells converge on the optic disc, penetrate the eye, and continue toward the diencephalon on the optic nerve. II. From there the information is split in half and travels to the back of the brain and to the occipital lobe. Together, the diencephalon and the brain stem process the information and control eye reflexes and pupil dilation and/or constriction in order to see clearer and focus in on an object. Depth perception is a phenomenon that takes place when the visual cortex of my occipital lobes reviews the slightly different information obtained by each eyeball. The superior colliculi of the midbrain make motor commands that control unconscious eye, head, and/or neck actions that respond to visual stimuli. My eyes in the bright summer light looking at a bee that is so close (on my right shoulder) are likely to constrict so as to limit the photon stimulation on my retina and so as to focus on just the tiny bee (â€Å"The Special Senses† P. 569-74). 6. (11 pts) Move your left hand to swat the bee. (Create a table that describes which muscles move which bones across which joints under the control of which nerves). Limit your discussion to the movement at the shoulder and elbow only (do not include any un-needed muscles nor discuss the movement at any other joints). Action:Muscle:Origin:Insertion:Nerve: Move Left Arm Toward Right Side Flexion and medial rotation at shoulderDeltoid (anterior part)Clavicle and scapula (acromion and adjacent scapular spine)Deltoid tuberosity of humerus. Axillary nerve (C5-C6) Medial rotation at shoulder. SubscapularisSubscapular fossa of scapula. Lesser tubercle of humerusSubscapular nerves (C5-C6) Adduction and medial rotation at shoulder. Teres MajorInferior angle of scapula. Passes medially to reach the medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus. Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6) Adduction and flexion at the shoulder. Coracobrachialis. Coracoid process. Medial margin of shaft of humerusMusculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7 Flexion, Adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder. Pectoralis Major. Cartilages of ribs 2-6, body of sternum, and inferior, medial portion of clavicle. Crest of greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerusPectoral nerves (C5-T1) Adduction and medial rotation at shoulderLatissimus DorsiSpinous processes of inferior thoracic and all  lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and thoracolumbar fasciaFloor of intertubercular groove of humerus. Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8) Adduction at the shoulderTriceps brachii (long head)Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Olecranon of ulna. Radial nerve (C6-C8) Bend left forearm towards right shoulder Flexion at elbow and shoulderBiceps brachiiShort head from the coracoid process; long head from the supraglenoid tubercle; both on the scapulaTuberosity of radiusMusculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) Flexion at elbow Brachialis Anterior, distal surface of humerus Tuberosity of ulna Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) and radial nerve (C7-C8) Flexion at elbow. Brachioradialis Ridge superior to the lateral epicondyle of humerusLateral aspect of styloid process of radius. Radial nerve (C5-C6) (â€Å"The Muscular System† P. 353-355) 7. (2 pts) What molecule provided the energy for the movement of your arm? ATP (adenosine triphosphate) provided the energy for the movement of my arm. 8. Feel the pain of the stinger in your skin. a. (3 pts) What layers of the skin are penetrated and what tissue types make them up? The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin, and it is made of stratified squamous epithelium. The dermis is deep to the epidermis and it is made of dense irregular connective tissue. The hypodermis is deep to the dermis and is made of adipose tissue (â€Å"The Tissue Level of Organization† P. 114-126). b. (5 pts) Trace the pain sensation from the receptors to perception. There are pain receptors on the shoulder that communicate to the central nervous system. Because a bee sting is a stinging, injection-like pain, it would be considered â€Å"fast pain.† Fast pain sensations are carried by myelinated Type A fibers. The myelination helps the information to travel faster down the neuron. The bee sting stimulates the dendrites of  nociceptors in the shoulder and causes depolarization. The initial segment of the axon must reach threshold in order to release an action potential. Once an action potential is released, it travels by neurons to the central nervous system. When the action potential reaches the central nervous system, glutamate and/or substance P are released as neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters make it easier for neurons to travel along pain pathways. This is known as pain perception (â€Å"Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System† P. 498). 9. (8 pts) Explain your autonomic response to this event. State which division is taking control and describe exactly how that division will effect breathing rate, heart rate, and pupil size. (Note: don’t just describe the effect, but describe the control pathway that leads to that effect, including any chemical messengers involved.) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is taking control. This division increases breathing rate, heart rate, and pupil size. The visceral motor nuclei in the hypothalamus activates autonomic nuclei in the brain stem and spinal cord. The brain stem and spinal cord in turn activate autonomic ganglia that then stimulate visceral effectors such as smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. Smooth muscle effectors affect blood vessels by constricting them and increasing blood pressure and speeding up blood flow in order to increase oxygen circulation. The smooth muscle also affects the constriction/dilation of the lungs. The sympathetic nervous system wants to dilate the lungs to increase breathing rates and oxygen intake. The glands that are stimulated cause the body to perspire. The cardiac muscle increases heart rate. Adipocytes can be used for energy because they are fatty acids (lipids) and can be used to make ATP during glycolysis very quickly (â€Å" Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions† P. 518-523). 10. (6 pts) Describe the elements of the homeostatic control system that caused the sweating and the red skin. Include the control pathway involved. The control pathway of the sympathetic division that caused the sweating and  the red skin was the sympathetic chain ganglia. Preganglionic fibers carried motor commands that affect the head, neck, limbs, and thoracic cavity. The unmyelinated postganglionic fibers that control the body wall enter the gray ramus and return to the spinal nerve for further distribution. They then are able to innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the smooth muscles in blood vessels. This innervation causes the sweat glands to sweat and the blood vessels to constrict. Constricting the blood vessels is helpful because it will raise blood pressure and increase oxygen circulation (â€Å"Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions† P. 521) 11. (1 pts) Describe the metabolic process providing your energy while you were running (as fast as you could) after the bee stung you. Include which molecule(s) is(are) being consumed. The metabolic process that was providing my energy while I was running as fast as I could was anaerobic metabolism. This metabolic process does not require oxygen and uses glycolysis to generate 2 ATP molecules but also to generate 2 pyruvate molecules. Each pyruvate molecule can be broken down by the mitochondria to generate 17 ATP molecules. This is a total of 34 ATP molecules. This is a lot of energy and is necessary when muscles are at peak activity levels (â€Å"Muscle Tissue† P. 306-7). 12. (5 pts) Explain what the â€Å"Epi-Pen† contains (what kind of chemical is that) and how that will help in this situation. What effect will that pen have on the breathing rate? The â€Å"Epi-Pen† contains epinephrine which is a neurotransmitter. It will try to improve the situation of an allergic reaction by increasing breathing rate, increasing heart rate, raise dropping blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and reverse hives (â€Å"Drugs and Medications – Epipen im†). Works Cited â€Å"Drugs and Medications – Epipen im.† WebMD. Last Revised: 2013. First published by WebMD, 2005. Web. Visited: 30 November 2013. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. â€Å"The Musclar System.† Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. â€Å"Muscle Tissue.† Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. â€Å"Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System.† Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. â€Å"Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions.† Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. â€Å"The Special Senses.† Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. â€Å"The Tissue Level of Organization.† Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.

Airline Industry Essays

Airline Industry Essays Airline Industry Essay Airline Industry Essay Many people assume winging is a reasonably new enterprise. However. although the first few old ages of the twentieth century were a hazardous clip for winging. it did be. It wasn’t until 1925 that winging became more common. This began when the Air Mail Act took topographic point. which enabled the station maestro to contract with private airliners to present mail. developing the air hose industry. Shortly after. the Air Commerce Act gave the Secretary of Commerce power to set up air passages. certify aircraft. license pilots. and issue and implement air traffic ordinances ( Harris. neodymium ) . Within ten old ages many modern twenty-four hours airliners such as United and American had emerged as great participants in this up and approaching industry. In 1938 the Civil Aeronautics Act was established making the Civil Aeronautics Board. This board’s two most important maps were finding airlines’ paths of travel and regulation monetary values for rider menus ( Harris. neodymium ) . The Federal Aviation Administration was created in 1958 to director and regulates safety operations and in 1978 the epoch of unencumbered free market competition would eventually take topographic point due to the Airline Deregulation Act. Airliners have come a long manner. With particular adjustments such as first category. nutrient and drink available. and frequently times even radio or telecasting. Often times. it is easy to happen a trade for tickets such as bundles. Some illustrations would be round a turn trips. or package trades on hotel suites. inclusive nutrient. and the trip back place. The Airline Industry Business theoretical account can be easy broken down into five theoretical accounts. First. the purchaser and 2nd is supplier power in the industry. Airbus and Boeing dominate the jetliner market. so it makes it difficult for other providers to hold a batch of power in the industry. ( Airline Economics. p. 14. 2010 ) . Different types of Carriers are demanded in the industry. depending on what it is used for. So. a batch of providers find it easy to acquire into the industry thanks to the purchasers. Competition from low-priced bearers such as Southwest Airlines tends to beef up purchaser power in the air hoses market. where United Airlines. for illustration. has a Mileage Plus strategy ( Airlines economics . p. 14. 2010 ) . A new entrant is something really hard to carry through within the air hose industry. New entrants can do it difficult because. by and large. a batch of established air hoses keep a monopoly over slots at most airdromes ( Airline Economics . p. 14. 2010 ) . Fourth. a good illustration of the Availability of Substitutes can be said to be boats. trains. or coachs. However. in today’s economic system with the oil monetary values sometimes winging evilly high. it is the best manner to go. and it’s a batch more clip salvaging. The concluding force is Competitive Rivalry. Highly competitory industries by and large earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. With a batch of disbursals being high today. different companies need to publicize so they’re non blowing seats. It is of import to retrieve that basically air hoses are a service industry. Airlines execute a service for their clients – transporting them and their properties ( or their merchandises. in the instance of lading clients ) from one point to another for an in agreement monetary value ( Airlines Economics . 2012 ) . Airlines vary greatly. From a individual aircraft transporting mail or lading. to a full-service international air hose many people depend on air hose services. However. it seems that it is the Low Cost Carriers which continue to turn and convey in the crowds. Most of the rider gross ( about 80 per centum ) comes from domestic travel. while 20 per centum comes from travel to and from finishs in other states ( Airlines Economics . 2012 ) . However. it is the frequent circulars. or the people who take more the 10 trips a twelvemonth. who take up a important part of air travel. While they merely account for 8 % out of the entire figure of riders in a given twelvemonth. they make up 40 % of the trips. Competition in the air hoses industry is strong. due in portion to the sheer size of rivals and the troubles in go outing the industry ( Datamonitor. p. 14. 2011 ) . Because the industry merchandise is so minimum. high sensitiveness is indispensable when sing pricing. Therefore. competition increases the more low cost bearers are in the market ; these companies are capable of viing more intensely. Competition is besides intensified where storage costs are high. Storage cost in this industry is tantamount to unsold seats on a flight. similar to unsold stock list in a fabrication industry ( Datamonitor. p. 22. 2011 ) . A deficiency of diverseness in the riders increases the demand for participants to utilize their individual nucleus concern to vie with. Competition in the U. S. air hose industry is assessed strong ( Datamonitor. p. 23. 2011 ) . Some of the major competition in this peculiar industry would include AMR corporation. Southwest airlines. and United Continental Holdings. Since 1978. the air hose industry has seen more than 180 bankruptcies ( Alukos. p. 1. 2012 ) . Currently. US Airways Group Inc. has decided to spouse with AMR in the thick of their bankruptcies. In making this. their hope is to minimise the sum of employees being laid away and set more money into creditor’s pockets. American Airlines has been at a competitory disadvantage for many old ages ( Corridore. p. 2. 2012 ) . In the last twosome of months pilots retiring have taken its toll. with 240 in September and October 2011. The companies hard currency balances rapidly drained out due to many lump-sum payouts. Oil monetary values have besides taken its toll on air hoses. top outing at its all-time high at $ 147. 27 a barrel. Since so. the cost per barrel has receded traveling down 58 % from the record high. However. it is thought to be possible for oil monetary values to mount. one time once more. over $ 100 a barrel over the following twelvemonth. reflecting the position of Corr idore that the oild market has once more become more volatile ( Corridore. p. 3. 2012 ) . Mentions Airline economic sciences. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. avjobs. com/history/airline-economics. asp ( Airline economic sciences. 2012 ) Harris. A. ( n. d. ) . The history of air hose industry. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //traveltips. usatoday. com/history-airline-industry-100074. hypertext markup language Airlines Industry Profile: the United States. ( 2011 ) . Airlines Industry Profile: United States. 1-42. Corridore. J. ( 2012. June 28 ) . Standard A ; poors air hoses. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. netadvantage. standardandpoors. com. ezproxy. ohiodominican. edu/NASApp/NetAdvantage/showIndustrySurvey. make? loadIndSurFromMenu=html Alukos. B. ( 2012. August 22 ) . We believe southwest is doing the right determination by buy backing its ain equity. . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //library. morningstar. com. ezproxy. ohiodominican. edu/stock/stock-analyst-report? t=LUVÂ ®ion=USA A ; culture=en-US

Data mining crime of data The WritePass Journal

Data mining crime of data 2  LITERATURE REVIEW Data mining crime of data 1  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION1.1   Ã‚  MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION1.3 PROJECT GOAL1.4 GENERAL APPROACH1.5   ORGANISATION OF DOCUMENT2  LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 INTRODUCTIO2.2  Ã‚  What is Data mining?2.3 Data mining definitions2.4 Data mining structure 2.5 Data mining methods and Techniques 2.6 Data mining modellingREFERENCERelated 1  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION 1.1   Ã‚  MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND In the society crime issue is very important. It is common knowledge within the society that crime induces vast psychological, human and economical damages to individuals, environment and the economy of a particular society itself. It is very important that a society through its government, judiciary and legislative endeavours to control crime within their environment. Data mining is a brawny technique with expectant potency to help criminal investigators concentrate on the most important information in their crime data [1]. The cognition discovered from existing data goes to reveal a value added of its information. Successful data mining methodology depends intemperately on the peculiar selection of techniques employed by analyst. Their pragmatic applications are, for example, the criminal detectives, market sale forecasting and playing behaviour analysis in sport games. However the more the data and more composite question being treated and maintained, the more potent the system is required. This includes the potentiality of the system to analyze large quantity of data and composite information from various sources. In crime control of the law enforcement, there are many storage data and formats have to be revealed. When its amount has risen, it is hard to analyze and explore some new knowledge from them. Therefore, the data mining is employed to crime control and criminal curtailment by using frequency happening and length method under which these presumptions can be achieved. All these techniques give outcome to benefit detectives in searching behavioural practices of professional criminals. [1] The application in the law enforcement from data analysis can be categorised into two vital component, crime check and criminal curtailment. Crime check tends to use knowledge from the analysed data to control and prevent the happening of crime, while the criminal curtailment tries to arrest criminal by using his/her account records in data mining. Brown [2] has bui lt a software model for mining data in order to arrest professional criminals. They suggested an information system that can be used to apprehend criminals in their own area or regions.   The software can be employed to turn data into useful information with two technologies, data fusion and data mining. Data fusion deals fuses and translates information from multiple sources, and it overcomes confusion from conflict reports and cluttered or noisy backgrounds. Data mining is concerned with the automatic discovery of patterns and relationships in large databases. His software is called ReCAP(Regional Crime Analysis Program), which was built to provide crime analysis with both technologies (). When the terrorism was burst by 9/11 attacks, fears about national security has risen significantly and the world has varied forever. The strategy against a terrorist must be more advanced in order to prevent suicide attacks from their stratagem [5]. In the congressional conference, Robert S. Mueller – The Director of investigative department of FBI, suggested that they excessively emphasize to arrest the criminals with slightly attention for crime checks is the main problem of the law enforcement in the world [4].   It is more interesting now in data collection for criminal control plan. Abraham et. al. [1] suggested a method to use computer log register as account data search, some relationship by employing the frequency happening of incidents. Then, they analyze the outcome of produced profiles. The profiles could be employed to comprehend the behaviour of criminal. It should be observe that the types of crime could be exchanged over time determined by the variation of globalization and technology. Therefore, if we want to prevent crime efficiently, the behaviour must be employed with another kind of knowledge. We need to know the crime causes. de Bruin et. al. [3] introduced a new distance standard for comparing all individuals established on their profiles and then clustering them accordingly. This method concedes a visual clustering of criminal career and changes the identification of categories of criminals. They present the applicability of the data mining in the area of criminal career analysis. Four important elements play a role in the analysis of criminal career: crime nature, frequency, duration and severity. They also develop a particular distance standard to combine this profile difference with crime frequency and vary of criminal behaviour over time. The matrix was made that describe the number of variation in criminal careers between all couples of culprits. The data analysis can be employed to determine the trends of criminal careers. Nath[6] suggested a method for data division in order to use them present in the pattern of geographic map. We could decide the data division to be the veer of offend across many fields. 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION The report of the headline findings represents the 2006 Offending, crime and justice survey (OCJS). This gives description of style and degrees in youth offending anti-social behaviour (ASB) and victimisation amongst youth between the ages of 10-25 residing in a private household in England and Wales. Couple of years now data are obtained from respondent representatives’ interview 4,952 including 4,152 panel members and 799 fresh samples on the frequency consequences and characteristics of offender’s victimization in England and Wales. This survey enables the Offending, crime and justice survey (OCJS) to forecast the probability of specified outcome of victimization by assault, rape, theft, robbery, burglary, sexual assault, vehicle related theft, drug selling, for the population as a whole. The OCJS provides the largest forum in England and Wales for victims and offenders to describe the impact of crime and characteristics of offenders. 1.3 PROJECT GOAL This project aim to identify which of the data mining technique best suit the OCJS data. Identify underlying classes of offenders. 1.4 GENERAL APPROACH Data mining analysis has the tendency to work from the data up and the best techniques are those developed with a preference for large amount of data, making use of as much of the gathered data as potential to arrive at a reliable decision and conclusion. The analysis procedure starts with a set of data, employs a methodology to develop an optimal delegacy of the structure of the data during which time knowledge is gained. Once knowledge has been gained this can be broadened to large sets of data working on the effrontery that the larger the data set has a structure similar to the sample data.   Again this is analogous to a mining process where large numbers of low grade materials are sieved through in order to find something of value. Target Data Figure 1.1 Stages/Procedures identified in data mining adapted from [4]       1.5   ORGANISATION OF DOCUMENT The remainder of this report is as follow: Chapter 2 reviews the approach to data mining and also described the mining techniques. Chapter 3 introduced the basic theory for the algorithm. Chapter 4 described the adopted method. Chapter 5 presented the application and a discussion of the result. 2  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTIO The major reason that data mining has pulled a big deal of attention in information industry in recent years is due to the broad accessibility of vast amount of data and the impending need for turning such data into useful information and knowledge. The information and knowledge acquired can be employed for application ranging from business management, production control, and market analysis, to engineering design and science exploration. [4] Having focused so much attention on the collection of data the problem was what to do with this valuable resource? It was distinguished that information is at the centre of business operations and that decision makers could make use of the data stored to acquire valuable insight into business. Database management systems gave access to the data stored but this was only a small part of what could be acquired from the data. Traditional online transaction processing systems, OLTPs, are good at putting data into database quickly, safely and efficien tly but are not good at delivering meaningful analysis in return. Analyzing data can provide further knowledge about a business by going beyond the data explicitly stored to derive knowledge about the business. This is where data mining or knowledge discovery in database (KDD) has obvious benefit for any enterprise. [7]                                                                                    2.2  Ã‚  What is Data mining? Data mining is concerned with extracting or â€Å"mining† knowledge from large amount of data. The term is really misnomer. Recall that the mining of gold from rocks and sand is concerned with gold mining rather than sand and rocks mining. Thus â€Å"data mining† should have been more suitably named â€Å"knowledge mining from data†, which is unfortunately so long. â€Å"Knowledge mining† a shorter term might not show the emphasis on mining from large amount of data.[4,6] Nevertheless, mining is a bright term characterising the procedure that discovers a small set of treasured pearl from a large conduct of raw materials (figure 1). Thus, such Fig.2.1 data mining-searching for knowledge (interesting patterns) in your data. [4] Misnomer which contains both â€Å"data† and â€Å"mining† became a big choice. There are many other terms containing a similar or slightly dissimilar meaning to data mining, such as data archaeology, knowledge extraction, data/ pattern analysis, and data dredging knowledge mining from database. Lots of people treat data mining as an equivalent word for another popular used condition, â€Å"knowledge discovery in database† or KDD. Alternatively, others regard data mining as just an essential step in the procedure of knowledge discovery in database. [2, 4] Knowledge discovery as a process is described in fig.2 below and comprises of an iterative sequence of the following steps: Data cleaning (removal of noise or irrelevant data) Data integration (where product data source may be mixed) Data selection (where data applicable to the analysis task are recovered from the database) Data transformation (where data are translated or fused into forms appropriate for mining by doing summary or collection operations, for instance) Data mining (an essential procedure where intelligent methods are used in other to extract data forms or patterns), Pattern evaluation (to discover the truly concerning forms or patterns representing knowledge based on interest measure) Knowledge representation (where visualization and knowledge representation proficiencies are used to deliver the mined knowledge to the user) Fig.2.2 Data mining as a process of knowledge discovery adapted from [4, 7] The data mining steps may interact with the user or a knowledge base. The interesting patterns are presented to the user, and may be stored as new knowledge in the knowledge base. It is very important to note that according to this view, data mining is only one step in the entire process, albeit an essential one since it uncovers the hidden patterns for evaluation. Adopting a broad view of data mining functionality, data mining is the process of discovery interesting knowledge from large amount of data stored either in database, data warehouse, or other information repositories. Based on this view, the architecture of a typical data mining system may have the following major components: (1)   Data warehouse, database, or other information repository. This is one or a set of database, data warehouse, spread sheets, or other kind f information repositories. Data cleaning and data integration techniques may be performed on the data. (2)   Database or data warehouse server. The database or data warehouse server is responsible for fetching the relevant data, base on the user’s data mining request. (3)   Knowledge base. This is the domain knowledge that is used to guide the search, or evaluate the interestingness of resulting patterns. Such knowledge can include concept hierarchies, used to organize attributes or attributes values into different level of abstraction. Knowledge such as user beliefs, which can be used to assess a pattern’s interestingness based on its unexpectedness, may also be included. Other examples of domain knowledge are additional interestingness constraints or thresholds, and metadata (e.g., describing data from multiple heterogeneous sources). (4    Data mining engine. This is essential to data mining system and ideally consists of a set of functional module for tasks such as characterisation, association analysis, classification, evaluation and deviation analysis. (5)    Pattern evaluation module. This component typically employs interestingness measure and interacts with the data mining modules so as to focus the search towards interesting patterns. It may access interestingness threshold stored in the knowledge base. Alternatively the pattern evaluation module may be integrated with the mining module, depending on the implementation of the data mining method used. For efficient data mining, it is highly recommended to push evaluation of patterns interestingness as deep as possible into the mining process so as to confine the search to only the interesting patterns. (6)    Graphical user interface. This module communicate between the user and the data mining system, allowing the user to interact with the system by specifying a data mining query or task, providing information to help focus the search, and   performing exploratory data mining based on the intermediate data mining results. In evaluate mined patterns, and visualize the pattern in different forms.[4, 6, 7] The quantity of data continues to increase at a tremendous rate even though the data stores are already huge. The common problem is how to make the database a competitive job advantage by changing apparently meaningless data into useful information. How this challenge is satisfied is vital because institutions are increasingly banking on efficient analysis of the data simply to remain competitive. A variety of new techniques and technology is rising to assist sort through the information and discover useful competitive data. By knowledge discovery in databases, interesting knowledge, regularities, or high-ranking information can be elicited from the applicable set of information in databases and be looked-into from different angles; large databases thereby assist as ample and dependable source for knowledge generation and confirmations. Mining information and knowledge from large database has been recognized by many research workers as a key research subject in database systems and m achine learning. Institutions in many industries also take knowledge discovery as an important area with a chance of major revenue. [8] The discovered knowledge can be applied to information management, query processing, decision making, process control, and many other applications. From data warehouse view, data mining can be considered as an advance stage of on-line analytical processing (OLAP). However, data mining extends far beyond the constrict measure summarization mode analytical processing of data warehousing systems by integrating more advance techniques for information understanding [6, 8]. Many individuals treat data mining as an equivalent word for another popularly applied condition, Knowledge Discovery in Databases, or KDD. Alternatively, others view data mining as simply an indispensable measure in the process of knowledge discovery in databases. For example, the KDD process as follow: Learning the application domain Creating a dataset Data cleaning and pre-processing Data reduction and projection Choosing the function of data mining Choosing the data mining algorithm(s) Data mining Interpretation Using the discovery knowledge As the KDD process shows, data mining is the fundamental of knowledge discovering, it needs elaborated data training works. Data cleaning and pre-processing: includes basic operations such as removing noise or outliers, gathering the necessary data to model or account for noise, resolving on strategies for dealing with missing data fields, and accounting for time sequence data and recognised changes, as well as settling DBMS issues, such as mapping of missing and unknown values, information type, and outline. Useful data are selected from the arranged data to increase the potency and focus on the job. After data preparation, selecting the purpose of data mining determine the aim of the model gained by data mining algorithm (e.g. clustering, classification and summarization). Selecting the data mining algorithm includes choosing method(s) to be used for researching for patterns in the data, such as determining which models and parameters many are captured and corresponding to a particular data mining method with the overall standards of the KDD process. Data mining explores for patterns concern in a particular realistic form set of such representations; including classification rules, or clustering, regression, sequence modelling, trees, dependency and line analysis. The mining outcomes which correspond to the demands will be translated and mobilised, to be taken into process or be introduced to concerned companies in the last step. For the importance of data mining in KDD process, the term data mining is turning more popular than the longer term of knowledge discovery [3, 8]. Individuals gradually conform a broad opinion of data mining functionality to be the equivalent word of KDD. The concept of data mining holds all actions and techniques using the gathered data to get inexplicit information and studying historical records to acquire valuable knowledge. 2.3 Data mining definitions Larose [9] stipulated, data mining refers to the process of discovering meaningful new correlations, patterns and trends by sifting through large amount of data stored in repositories, using pattern recognition technologies as well as statistical and mathematical techniques. Hand et. al.[10] stated Data mining the analysis of (often large ) observational data sets to find unexpected relationship and to summarize the data in novel way that are both understandable and useful to the data owner. Peter et.al.[11] stipulated Data mining is an interdisciplinary field bringing together techniques from machine learning, pattern recognition, statistics, databases, and visualization to address the issues of information extraction from large data bases. The SAS institute (2000) defines data mining as the â€Å"process of selecting, researching and simulating huge amount of data set to reveal antecedent strange data form for business advantage. Data mining refers to as knowledge discovery in dat abases, meaning a process of little extraction of implicit, previously obscure and potentially useful information (such as knowledge rules, regularities, constraints) from data in databases.[12] From the business view, several data mining techniques are used to better realize user conduct, to improve the service provided, and to enhance business opportunities. Whatever the definition, data mining process differs, from statistical analysis of data. First predictive data is controlled by the need to reveal, in a well timed style, rising courses whereas statistical analysis is associated to historical information and established on observed information. Secondly statistical analysis concentrates on findings and explaining the major origin of variation in the data, in contrast, data mining strives to discover, not the apparent sources of variation, but rather the significant, although presently neglected, information. Therefore statistical analysis and data mining are complementary. Sta tistical analysis explains and gets rid of the major part of data variation before data mining is employed. This explains why the data warehousing tool not only stores data but also comprises and performs some statistical analysis programs. As to on-line analysis processing (OLAP) its relationship with data mining can be considered as disassociation.[9,12] OLAP is a data summarization/collection tool that assist modify data analysis, while data mining allows the automated discovery of implicit form and interesting knowledge concealed in large amount of data. OLAP tools are directed toward backing and changing interactive data analysis; while data mining tools is to automate as much of the analysis process as possible. Data mining goes one step beyond OLAP. As noted in the former section, data mining is almost equal to KDD and they have like process. Below are the data mining processes: Human resource identification Problem specification Data prospecting Domain knowledge elicitation Methodology identification Data pre-processing Pattern discovery Knowledge post-processing In stage 1 of data mining process, human resource identification, and the human resource should be required in the plan and their various purpose are identified. In most data mining job the human resources involved are the field experts, the data experts, and the data mining expert. In stage 2 concerned jobs are analyzed and defined. Next, data searching requires in analyzing the available data and selecting the predicting subset of data to mine. The aim of stage 4, field knowledge induction, is to extract the useful knowledge already known about the job from field experts. In stage 5, methodology identification, the most reserve mining prototypes are chosen. In stage 6, data pre-processing is depicted to transform data into the state fit for mining. Pattern discovery stage which includes the computation and knowledge discovery is talked about in section 7. The patterns found in the former stage are filtered to attract the best pattern in the last stage. [8] Fayed et al. (1996), on the other hand suggested the following steps: Recovering the data from large database. Choosing the applicable subset to work with. Resolving on reserve sampling system, cleaning the data and coping with missing domain records. Employing applicable transformations, dimensionality simplification and projections. Equipping models to pre-processed data. The processes of data mining are elaborate and complicated. Many requirements should be observed on the follow of data mining, so challenges of growing data mining application are one of the crucial matters in this field. Below are the listed of challenges growth: Dealing with different types of data. Efficiency and measurability of data mining algorithm. Usefulness, certainty, and quality of data mining results Formula of several forms of data mining results. Synergistic mining knowledge at product abstraction stages. Mining data from different sources of information. Security of privacy and data protection. 2.4 Data mining structure The architecture of a distinctive data mining system may have the following major elements: Database, data warehouse, or other data deposit Database or data warehouse server Knowledge base Data mining engine Pattern rating module Graphical user interface The information sources of a data mining system can be divergent information deposits like database, data warehouse, or other deposits. The database or data warehouse server is responsible for getting the applicable data to accomplish the data mining postulation. Data mining engine is the heart of data mining system. The operational module of data mining algorithms and patterns are maintained in the engine. Knowledge base stores the field knowledge that is used to lead the data mining process, and provides the data that rules evaluation module motives to formalise the results of data mining. If the mining results has passed the establishment step then they will get to user via the graphical user interface, user can interact with the system by the interface. [4, 8, 11] 2.5 Data mining methods and Techniques Various techniques have been suggested for resolving a problem of extracting knowledge from volatile data, each of which follow different algorithm. One of the fields where information plays an important part is that of law enforcement. Obviously, the raising amount of criminal data gives rise to various problem including data storage, data warehousing and data analysis. [11] Data mining methods relate to the function cases that data mining tools provides. The abstract definition of each data mining method and the classification basis always disagree for the ease of explanation, the condition of present situation, or researcher’s scope. Association, classification, prediction, clustering are usually the common methods in different works, while the term description, summarization, sequential rules etc. Might not always be used and named in the first place. If some methods are not named it does not refer these methods are not created because the researcher may allot special term to methods to indicate certain significant characters. Progressive specification and jobs sectors can also be a good ground to consider the terminology. For example â€Å"REGRESSION† is often used to substitute â€Å"PREDICTION† because the major and conventional techniques for prediction are statistical regression. â€Å"Link analysis† can be discussed severally outlying â€Å"association† in telecommunication industry. Table 1.1 shows the method recognised by scholars: Data mining methods comprise techniques which develop from artificial intelligence, statistics, machine learning, OLAP and so on. These most often observed methods are classed into five categories according to their work types in business applications, and the five types of data mining methods are clustering, classification, association, prediction and profiling. Table 1 Data mining classification literatures Sources: This research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data Mining Classification Barry (1997) Prediction, Classification, Estimation, Clustering, Description, Affinity grouping. Han, et al. (1996) Clustering, Association, Classification, Generalization, Similarity search, Path traversal pattern. Fayyed, et (1996) Clustering, Regression, Classification, Summarization, Dependency modelling, Link analysis, Sequence analysis. Association: reveals relationship or dependence between multiple things, such as Link analysis, market basket analysis, and variable dependency. Association is in two levels: quantitative and structured. The structural level of the method assigns (often in graphical form) which things are associated; the quantitative level assigns the strength of the relationship using some numerical scale. Market basket analysis is a well recognized association application; it can be executed on a retail data of customer deal to find out what item are often purchased together (also known as item sets). Apriori is a basic algorithm for finding frequent item sets. The denotation of apriori can further deal with multi-level, multi-dimensional and more composite data structure. [7] Classification: function (or classifies) a data detail into one of several set of categorical classes. Neural network, Decision tree, and some probability advances are often used to execute this function. There are two steps to carry out classification work. In the first step, classification model is form describing a predetermined set up of classes or concepts. Second step the model is used for categorization. For example, the classification learned in the first step from the analysis of data from existing customers can be used to predict the credit evaluation of new or future customers. Prediction: admits regression and part of time series analysis. Prediction can be regarded as the structure and use of a model to evaluate the value or value ranges of a property that a given sample is probably to have. This method functions a data item to a real-value prediction variable, and the goal of time series analysis is to model the state of the process generating the sequence or to extract and study deviation and style over time. In our opinion, the major deviation between prediction and classification is that prediction processes with continuous values while classification centres on judgements. Clustering: functions a data item into one of various categorical classes (or clusters) in which the categories must be determined from the data different assortments in which the classes are determine. Clusters are defined by determinations of natural grouping of data detail based on similarities metrics or probability density models, and the procedure to form these groups is named as unsupervised learning to distinguish from supervised learning of classification. Data mining techniques and methods render capable extraction of concealed predictive data from huge datasets or databases. It is a very powerful new technology with great potency to assist institutions concentrate on the important information in their database and data warehouse. Data mining instruments forecast future behaviours and trends, allowing businesses to make active, knowledge aimed decision. The automated, potential analyses proposed by data mining go beyond the analyses of previous issues provided by retrospective instruments typically for decision support systems. [2, 4, 12] Data mining instruments can respond to business question that traditionally were times consuming to conclude. They examine databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies outside their expectation. Most institutions already collect and refine large quantities of data. Data mining methods and techniques can be carried out quickly on existing hardware and software program to raise the scope of the existing information resources, and can be merged with new systems and products as they are brought on-line. When enforced on high performance client/server or parallel processing computers, data mining instrument can analyze huge databases to present answers to questions such as, which clients are most likely to answer my next promotional mailing, and why?[10, 12] Recent progress in data collection, storage and manipulation instruments such as extraordinary storage and computational capability, use of the internet, modern surveillance equipments etc, have widen the range and limit for the same. Moreover, the increasing dependence on high technology equipment for common man has facilitated the process of data collection. [13] The data might be in the direct form or may not be in the direct form and might need some interpretation based on former knowledge, experience and most importantly is determined by purpose of data analyses. This job is further augmented by sheer intensity, texture of data and lack of human capabilities to deduce it in ways it is supposed to be. For this reason many computational instruments are used and are broadly named as Data mining tools. [10] Data mining tools constitutes of basic statistics and Regression methods, Decision trees, ANOVA and rule based techniques and more importantly advanced algorithm that uses neural networks and Artificial Intelligence techniques. The applications of data mining tools are limitless and basically aimed by cost, time constraints, and current demand of the community, business and the government. [14] 2.6 Data mining modelling Data mining modelling is the critical part in developing business applications. Business application, such as â€Å"cross selling†, will be turn into one or more of business problems, and the goal of modelling is to formulate these business problems as a data mining task. For example, in cross selling application, the association in the product area is determine, and then customers will be classified into several clusters to see which product mix can be matched to what customers. To know which data mining task is most suitable for current problem, the analysis and understanding of data mining task’s characters and steps is needed. Data mining algorithm consists largely of some specific mix of three components. The model: There are two relevant factors: the function of the model (e.g., clustering and classification) and the representational form of the model (e.g., a linear function of multiple variables and a Gaussian probability density function). A model contains parameters that are to be determined from the data. The preference criterion: A basis preference of one model or set of parameters over another, depending on given data. The criterion is usually some form of goodness-of-fit function of the model to the data, perhaps tempered by a smoothing term to avoid over fitting, or generating a model with too many degrees of freedom to be constrained by the given data. The search algorithm: The specification of an algorithm for finding particular models and parameters, given data, a model (or family of models), and a preference criterion. The choice of what data mining techniques to apply at a given point in the knowledge discovery processes depends on the particular data mining task to be accomplished and on the data available for analysis. The requirement of the task dedicate to the function f data mining, and the detailed characteristics of the tasks influence the feasibility between mining methods and business problems. The so called detail characteristic includes data types, parameter varieties, hybrid approaches and so on.   Slightly difference in the model will cause enormous performance change, so modelling stage effects the quality of data mining tools heavily. REFERENCE [1] T. Abraham and O. de Vel, Investigative profiling with computer forensic log data and association rules, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM02), pp. 11 – 18,2006. [2] D.E. Brown, The regional crime analysis program (RECAP): A frame work for mining data to catch criminals, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,Vol. 3, pp. 2848-2853, 1998. [3] J.S. de Bruin, T.K. Cocx, W.A. Kosters, J. Laros and J.N. Kok, â€Å"Data mining approaches to criminal career analysis,† in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM’06), pp.171-177, 2006. [4] J. Han and M. 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